The rapid increase in world population is putting a lot of force on the environment

The rapid increase in world population is putting a lot of force on the environment. Water occupies 70% of the earth space and is also the most significant component for human existence. It is also a major component for industrial processes. Currently, households account for 50% of the global water consumption while the other 50% goes to agricultural activities. The need for water increases with an increase in growth population (Tang & Chen 2002).

The textile industry is among the biggest user of water and complex chemicals at various phases of textile processing. As such, the industry creates a risk of environment pollution and other health hazards. In the last few years, the Australian textile industry consumed large volumes of drinking water. As a result of the increased demand for textiles, the levels of wastewater have increased rapidly (Anjaneyulu, Chary & Raj 2005). Wastewater generated from textile industries contains organic dyes and other toxic products which have mutagenic effects on life. The discharge of textile industry wastewater into the environment cause serious health and environmental problems (Trgay et al. 2011).

Wastewater from the textile industry is one of the highest pollutants in the manufacturing sectors (en & Demirer 2003). According to past studies, the most common pollutants in the textile wastewater are large amounts of suspended solids (SS), pH, colour and salts. Recalcitrant organics have dye, sizing agents and dying aids. Moreover, dye is the most difficult constituent of the textile wastewater to treat (en & Demirer 2003). Also, the textile wastewater has high temperature, (BOD), acidity, high chemical oxygen demand concentration (COD), and other soluble substances (Ahn, Chang & Yoon 1999; Kim et al. 2002). All these contents make the processes of treat textile wastewater more complex. The main objective of this project is to remove dye from textile wastewater.

The figure below shows some harmful direct and indirect effects of textile wastewater (Verma, Dash, Bhunia, 2012)

Harmful direct and indirect effects of textile wastewater.
Figure 1: Harmful direct and indirect effects of textile wastewater.
Project definition
Key objective /issue to be investigation
The key objective of this project is to remove dye wastewater through the use of different methods of textile wastewater treatment. The coagulation method is one of the methods used in the treatment of textile wastewater. The purpose of the coagulation method is to reduce COD remove colour from textile wastewater by using several chemical and physical treatment methods (Ramakrishna & Viraraghavan 1997). The other objective is to understand the characteristic of textile wastewater and the influence the removal of dyes after adding different chemicals to it and how it is able to decrease the colour removal of the dyes.

Project benefit
Environmental Benefits
The removal of dye wastewater from the textile wastewater is considered advantageous because most of organic pollutants and other chemicals are neutralized. Additionally, pollutants are removed and the quality of the water is improved, allowing for final discharge to the environment without significant risk (Islam, Mahmud, Faruk, & Billah 2011, p. 429). This means that the effluent that is released to the environment is free from any risks on humans and the environment. Additionally, the removal of dye wastewater from the textile wastewater improves the quality of surface groundwater, thus protecting the environment.

Economic Benefits
There are several economic benefits associated with the removal of dye wastewater from the textile wastewater. For example, it leads to economic benefits with references to income, health, and environmental security (Ofoefule, Uzodinma, & Ibeto 2011). Additionally, treated wastewater promotes agriculture which improves food production, encouraging security and income. It also saves resources which makes it economically beneficial.

Social Benefits
From a social perspective point of view, the removal of dye from the textile wastewater improves the value and quality of life. For example, after the wastewater has been treated, people living around these areas are able to utilize clean water for household use, irrigation, and bathing, among other uses. Other than improving the quality of life, the removal of dye from the textile wastewater prevents diseases, contamination, and other health hazards (Islam et al. 2011). Moreover, sanitation is improved which enhances public safety. Lastly, converted biodegradable wastewaters may be used to produce biogas, resulting in cleaner air, and improved sanitary conditions (Ofoefule, Uzodinma, & Ibeto 2011).

Project Deliverable
The research is vital as it provides insights on the social, economic, and environmental benefits associated with the removal of dye wastewater from the textile wastewater. As such, an awareness is created that would improve the quality of life and sanitation. Moreover, the evaluation of different methods used in textile wastewater treatment show the effectiveness of the methods and how they could be applied. By understanding the characteristic of textile wastewater, we are able to define the most effective and efficient method and the influence of coagulants on the removal of dyes after adding different chemicals.

Literature Review/Research
Waste water and water treatment consist of three main categories which are: chemical method, physical method, and biological method. Najafi and Movahed (2009) note that There are many processes available for wastewater treatment in these industries: chemical oxidation, foam flotation, electrolysis, biodegradation, adsorption, chemical coagulation and photocatalysis (p. 3053). These three categories are has shown in the diagram below. The main scope of this research is to establish the detailed process of coagulation/fluctuation.

Treatment methods for textile wastewater effluent
Figure 2: Treatment methods for textile wastewater effluent (Source Verma et al. 2012)
Physical treatment method
Adsorption
Verma et al. (2012) have opined that adsorption method for color removal is based on the affinity of various dyes for adsorbents (p. 158). The major chemical and physical factors associated with the method as provided by Anjaneyulu et al. (2005) are contact time, pH, temperature, size of particle, surface area, and rate of interaction. The selection criteria for adsorbent is based on adsorbent regeneration possibilities, target compound capacity, and affinity, level (Karcher et al., 2002). According to Walker and Weatherly (1997), the commonly used adsorbent is activated carbon. Nonetheless, the efficiency is determined by wastewater characteristics and carbon material adopted. The drawbacks of adsorption are such as extra maintenance costs, and threat of disposed adsorbents among others. However, the method is not restricted to colour removal as it is applicable in wastewater and water treatment.

Table 1. Effect of by diatomite and percentage of dye removal. Source: Al-Ghoutiet al.2003.

Dye Concentration
Methylene blue
Dye removal % 50
100

100
99.9

150
95.3

200
92.7

250
76.0

Reactive black
Dye removal % 100
26.6

200
27.3

300
25.9

400
27.2

500
26.5

Reactive yellow
Dye removal % 100
18.9

200
21.4

300
16.7

400
16.3

500
14.6

All the experimental conditions were the alike during the process although the pH was 11, 3, and 3 for methylene blue, hydrolysed reactive black and yellow, respectively (optimum value). The experimental conditions were:

Mass of diatomite =0.05 g,
volume of solution =50 cm3,
equilibrium time = 48 h,
Particle size = 106250 m,
temperature =200C, and
Shaking speed = 125 rpm.
Coagulation flocculent
This method entails the the destabilisation of dye solutions using coagulant(s), which can be classified into two main categories namely, metal coagulants and polymers (Zahrim et al. 2011, p. 4). Therefore, chemicals are added to destabilize particles for flocculation. Flocculation is the process of bringing the particles together so that they aggregate into larger particles (Zahrim et al. 2011). The most used coagulants are Alum: Al2 (SO4)3.14H2O, Aluminium chloride: AlCl3, Ferric chloride: FeCl3, and Ferrous sulphate: FeSO4. The main scope is to determine how these coagulants are used to destabilize particles for flocculation (Karcher, Kornmuller & Jekel 2002). The coagulation relationship is to be described briefly in the thesis.

Previous research
Multiple studies on metal coagulant/polymer for removal of dyes are reviewed. Like in past studies, the experiments were carried out using C.I. Reactive Red 45 (RR 45) and C.I. Reactive Green 8 (RG 8) (Papic et al. 2000). The max values and chemical structures are presented below.

Dye structure.
Table 2. Dye structure. Source: (Najafi and Movahed 2009).
At the absorbance maximum, calibration curves were made for each dye.

Dyes were dissolved into distilled water to form synthetic wastewater of concentration of 1 g /L. Later jar test procedure carried out at (35), room temperature (22 to 25 C) and coagulant dosages (0.45.0 g/L). Lum chloride- AlCl3 6H2O of .45 was the coagulant used. Synthetic wastewater was put into 500 ml the coagulant was added and magnetic stirrers used to mix at 300 rpm. To vary the pH, Na2CO3 was added after the coagulant had been added and stirred at a speed of 50 rpm for the next twenty minutes. This was followed by a sedimentation period. After 2 hours, the height of sludge was measured followed by the determination of the dye concentration using SPEKOL 210 MA 9525-Iskra spectrophotometer. After two hours, the height of the precipitate was measured and the percentage of the sludge volume calculated. Coagulation was applied as a major treatment process to remove the high concentration of reactive dyes in wastewaters. Sarasa et al. (1998), combined ozone and chemical coagulation treatment of wastewater to establish effectiveness. The results showed that ozone was ineffective in the removal of azo dyes. However, coagulation method was very effective as it removed all compounds (Najafi & Movahed 2009)

Type of reactive dye: Red 45, Green8. Source: (Papic et al. 2004).

Reactive dye Red 45 Green 8
Temperature 22-25 C
pH 3-5
Type of dye alum chloride AlCl36H2O
coagulant dosages 0.45.0 g /L
gram molecular weight 241.45
Stirring speed 50 rpm in 20 min
In developed nations, the coagulationflocculation method is widely used in textile wastewater treatment plants. Ghr et al. (1994) noted that coagulation is applied for pre-treatment, post-treatment, and main treatment system. Past research shows that coagulation not only removes sulphur, it also disperses dyes (Marmagne & Coste, 1996; Vandevivere et al., 1998). However, it is ineffective in acid, direct, reactive and other dyes removal (Vandevivere et al., 1998).

Effect of the coagulant type
Metal coagulant
In their study, . (2005) reported that Ferric chloride could remove 7982 percent of reactive dyes whilst ferrous chloride could only decolourise 5864 percent. In a separate study, ferric chloride efficiently removed Levafix Brilliant Red ERN although it was not efficient in the removal of Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R (Carvalho et al. 2002). In their study, Kim et al. (2004) studied coagulation using ferric chloride on two reactive dyes. They observed that the maximum removal of COD were 23 percent, 41 percent of dye at pH 7 for Reactive Blue 49, and 63 percent of COD, 44 percent of dye at pH 6 for Reactive Yellow.

Organic polymer coagulant
A major interest has been on the application and synthesis of natural. For example, the removal of an acid dye using chitosan has been studied (Szygula et al.2009). At sedimentation time of two hours and a high concentration of chitosan (91141 mg/l), the findings showed that the removal of C.I. Acid Blue 92 was about 99 percent. This method has not been studied extensively, despite its numerous advantages. As such, more research is required. New technologies need to be developed to obtain chitosan with precise characteristics to acquire maximum performance. The studies carried out have showed that relatively high concentrations of polymer are still required for dye removal. This makes the cost of treatment more expensive. Conversely, the coagulation is not efficient at lower dosage of polymers. Furthermore, higher dosages could boost the chances of toxicity of discharged water waste and tainting of membranes.

Filtration
Filtration methods are applied in filtration and recycling in the textile industry. It is used in pigment-rich streams as well as in mercerizing and bleaching wastewaters. Porter et al. (1997) study showed that temperature and chemical composition of the wastewater determine the type and porosity of the filter to be applied. However, the method is costly and results to secondary waste which requires further treatment (Robinson et al., 2001).